Objectives. B. Suzuki, “Problems of genetic model testing in early onset periodontitis,”, J. H. Butler, “A familial pattern of juvenile periodontitis (periodontosis),”, D. W. Cohen and H. M. Goldman, “Clinical observations on the modification of human oral tissue,”, J. Fourel, “Periodontosis: a periodontal syndrome,”, M. L. Marazita, J. Obesity has been reported to be an important risk factor for periodontal disease [69, 70]. In total, 415 subjects (part of the Erie county longitudinal study) with mild or little periodontal disease were examined over a period of 2 to 5 years. Machtei et al. This aggregation within families strongly suggests a genetic predisposition. x�+�r Risk Factors Associated With Periodontal Diseases- A Review Sreedhar Reddy 1 , M. Anita 2 1 Department of public health dentistry, Tagore dental college and hospital, Rathinamangalam, Chennai. <>>>/Contents 27 0 R/Parent 3 0 R>> Periodontitis is one of the most ubiquitous diseases and is characterized by the destruction of connective tissue and dental bone support following an inflammatory host response secondary to infection by periodontal bacteria [1, 2]. It can be certain that gingival health is better among individuals with higher education and with more secure income. endstream 1 0 obj 9 0 obj Furthermore, we must be aware that these diseases share many risk factors and there are evident similarities to the basic pathogenic mechanisms [50]. II. Tobacco smoking exerts a substantial destructive effect on the periodontal tissues and increases the rate of periodontal disease progression [ 24 ]. B. Berezow and R. P. Darveau, “Microbial shift and periodontitis,”, A. D. Haffajee and S. S. Socransky, “Microbial etiological agents of destructive periodontal diseases,”, W. E. Moore and L. V. Moore, “The bacteria of periodontal diseases,”, Y. Kou, H. Inaba, T. Kato et al., “Inflammatory responses of gingival epithelial cells stimulated with, B. Doǧan, A. Ş. Kipalev, E. Ökte, N. Sultan, and S. E. Asikainen, “Consistent intrafamilial transmission of, J. M. Lovegrove, “Dental plaque revisited: bacteria associated with periodontal disease,”, D. M. Huang, J. Q. Ling, C. H. Fu, H. X. Luo, and X. D. Zhou, “Colonization relationship between, S. Tanabe, C. Bodet, and D. Grenier, “Peptostreptococcus micros cell wall elicits a pro-inflammatory response in human macrophages,”, Y. Saito, R. Fujii, K.-I. x�+�r The subgingival microflora in periodontitis can harbor hundreds of bacterial species but only a small number has been associated with the progression of disease and considered etiologically important. Review articles are excluded from this waiver policy. Rapid, moderate and no loss of attachment in Sri Lankan laborers 14 to 46 years of age,”, P. D. Miller Jr., “Root coverage with the free gingival graft. It has been suggested that periodontal disease may increase the risk of having preterm low birth weight (PLBW) infants [104, 105]. Patients with chronic leukemia may experience similar but less severe periodontal changes. Risk factors including tobacco smoking modify the host response to the challenge of bacteria in microbial dental plaque [25, 26]. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub158(1): 35-83. [92] found significantly more periodontal attachment loss among mothers of PLBW infants compared with mothers of normal-term infants. endobj This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Shetty M, Shetty PK, Ramesh A, Thomas B, Prabhu S, Rao A. Periodontal disease in pregnancy is a risk factor for preeclampsia. x�+�r 2 0 obj Risk factors including tobacco smoking modify the host response to the challenge of bacteria in microbial dental plaque [ 25, 26 ]. This aggregation within families strongly suggests a genetic predisposition. endobj <>>>/Contents 21 0 R/Parent 3 0 R>> This may in turn help to explain conditions where dental infections may stimulate systemic inflammatory response, thereby placing “apparently healthy” people at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. With oral contraceptives, this increase in gingival inflammation is mainly related to the duration of use as it has been suggested that prolonged use of oral contraceptives may detrimentally affect the periodontium. B. Novaes Jr., C. A. Meschiari et al., “Circulating matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) and MMP-9 are increased in chronic periodontal disease and decrease after non-surgical periodontal therapy,”, M. A. Reynolds, “Modifiable risk factors in periodontitis: at the intersection of aging and disease,”, J. F. López-Marcos, S. García-Valle, and Á. x�+�r Tooth loss was also a risk factor for stroke [relative risk 1.39 (1.13, 1.65)]. These include antihypertensives, narcotic analgesics, some tranquilizers and sedatives, antihistamines, and antimetabolites. Yousef A. AlJehani, Risk Factors of Periodontal Disease: Review of the Literature, International Journal of Dentistry, 10.1155/2014/182513, 2014, (1-9), (2014). Review of the literature. MEDLINE (1980 to Jan 2014), PubMed (using medical subject headings), and Google Scholar were searched using the following terms in different combinations: “periodontal disease,” “periodontitis,” “risk factors,” and “causal.” This was supplemented by hand-searching in peer-reviewed journals and cross-referenced with the articles accessed. One likely candidate is the C-reactive protein (CRP), although this protein is part of the body’s normal response to infection and inflammation. The reasons for these sex differences are not clear, but they are thought to be related to the ignorance of oral hygiene, which is usually observed among males [118, 119]. We are committed to sharing findings related to COVID-19 as quickly as possible. This paper aims to review the evidence on the potential roles of modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors associated with periodontal disease. x�+�r Hence, Mealey concluded that diabetic patients had a three-fold higher risk of peri-odontal disease compared with non-diabetic patients after controlling for age, sex, and other confounding factors (5). Sign up here as a reviewer to help fast-track new submissions. 10 0 obj 19 0 obj endobj Socioeconomic Factors. The risk of stroke was significantly increased by the presence of periodontitis [relative risk 1.63 (1.25, 2.00)]. We projected the number of dementia cases to be saved by reducing PD prevalence in the world. x�+�r Cholesterol has long been known to play a crucial role in predicting risk for heart attack in seemingly healthy people. Among susceptible individuals, the prolonged and excessive bacterial promotions of the MMPs induce the enhanced degradation of collagen, which is a primary component of the periodontal matrix. Vogt et al, Reproductive Health. 2014 . Certain data showed clear relationship between osteoporosis and periodontal disease, and osteoporosis is considered as one of the risk factors for periodontal bone loss. Many of the studies conducted to date suggest there is a relationship between skeletal osteoporosis and bone loss [75–80] to the extent that postmenopausal osteoporosis may result in dental osteopenia involving the jaws, and particularly the mandible [81]. Drugs such as anticonvulsants, calcium channel blocking agents, and cyclosporine may induce gingival overgrowth [59]. Chemotherapy or therapy associated with bone marrow transplantation may also adversely affect the gingival health [89, 90]. Hemorrhagic gingival overgrowth with or without necrosis is a common early manifestation of acute leukemia [88]. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia. Nicotine acetylcholine receptor has been found to play an important role in the development of nicotine related periodontitis [29]. Smokers with periodontal disease seem to show less signs of clinical inflammation and gingival bleeding compared to nonsmokers [27]. A comprehensive periodontal assessment incorporated a thorough evaluation of data from patient’s interviews, present and past medical and dental history, clinical periodontal examination, radiographic examination and laboratory tests. Osteoporosis was significantly associated with severe alveolar crestal bone loss and the prevalence of periodontitis cases in postmenopausal women [82]. endobj This is important to oral health because low dietary intake of calcium and vitamin C has been associated with periodontal disease [74]. Periodontal disease and preterm birth relationship : a review of the literature . A. Quyyumi, J. E. Norman et al., “Effects of total pathogen burden on coronary artery disease risk and C-reactive protein levels,”, Y. Nakamura, O. Tagusari, Y. Seike et al., “Prevalence of periodontitis and optimal timing of dental treatment in patients undergoing heart valve surgery,”, J. M. Stein, R. Smeets, S. Reichert et al., “The role of the composite interleukin-1 genotype in the association between periodontitis and acute myocardial infarction,”, L. S. Geiss, W. H. Herman, M. G. Goldschmid et al., “Surveillance for diabetes mellitus—United States, 1980–1989,”, T. Wu, M. Trevisan, R. J. Genco, J. P. Dorn, K. L. Falkner, and C. T. Sempos, “Periodontal disease and risk of cerebrovascular disease: the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and its follow-up study,”, R. I. Garcia, “No association between ischemic heart disease and periodontitis in women,”, M. Trevisan and J. Dorn, “The relationship between periodontal disease (Pd) and cardiovascular disease (Cvd),”, D. W. Cohen, “Periodontal medicine in the next millennium,”, T. D. Rees and R. A. Levine, “Systematic drugs as a risk factor for periodontal disease initiation and progression,”, R. Akhter, M. A. Hannan, R. Okhubo, and M. Morita, “Relationship between stress factor and periodontal disease in a rural area population in Japan,”, M. Dolic, J. Bailer, H. J. Staehle, and P. Eickholz, “Psychosocial factors as risk indicators of periodontitis,”, R. J. Genco, A. W. Ho, S. G. Grossi, R. G. Dunford, and L. A. Tedesco, “Relationship of stress, distress, and inadequate coping behaviors to periodontal disease,”, A. Johannsen, I. Rydmark, B. Söder, and M. Åsberg, “Gingival inflammation, increased periodontal pocket depth and elevated interleukin-6 in gingival crevicular fluid of depressed women on long-term sick leave,”, A. Johannsen, G. Rylander, B. Söder, and M. Åsberg, “Dental plaque, gingival inflammation, and elevated levels of interleukin-6 and cortisol in gingival crevicular fluid from women with stress-related depression and exhaustion,”, M. Aimetti, F. Romano, and F. Nessi, “Microbiologie analysis of periodontal pockets and carotid atheromatous plaques in advanced chronic periodontitis patients,”, A. T. Merchant, W. Pitiphat, B. Ahmed, I. Kawachi, and K. Joshipura, “A prospective study of social support, anger expression and risk of periodontitis in men,”, W. S. Marcenes and A. Sheiham, “The relationship between work stress and oral health status,”, M. E. Moss, J. D. Beck, B. H. Kaplan et al., “Exploratory case-control analysis of psychosocial factors and adult periodontitis,”, J. Suvan, F. D'Aiuto, D. R. Moles, A. Petrie, and N. Donos, “Association between overweight/obesity and periodontitis in adults. MEDLINE (1980 to Jan 2014), PubMed (using medical subject headings), and Google Scholar were searched using the following terms in different combinations: “periodontal disease,” “periodontitis,” “risk factors,” and “causal.” This was supplemented by hand-searc… Thus, sex may be a demographic factor, which may interfere with the effects of other factors and it must be controlled for investigating the disease. 2014, Article ID 182513, 9 pages, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/182513, 1Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Data. As periodontal disease is multifactorial, effective disease management requires a clear understanding of all the associated risk factors. 2012;9:3. endstream Copyright © 2014 Yousef A. AlJehani. McDevitt et al. The review indicated a direct association between skeletal and mandibular osteopenia and loss of alveolar crestal height and tooth loss in postmenopausal women. Patients with inadequate stress behavior strategies (defensive coping) are at greater risk for severe periodontal disease [60–65]. demonstrated that the mean annual rate of bone loss among the initially 70-year-old subjects was 0.28 mm compared to 0.07 on the 25-year-old individuals [112]. One of the important oral signs of diabetes is gingivitis and periodontitis. teristics, periodontal disease definitions, and techniques used across studies, it was not appropriate to apply statistical methods to estimate the overall pooled risk of periodontal disease in the studies. endobj Currently, there are two major forms of periodontitis-chronic and aggressive periodontitis [6]. 25 0 obj Marcaccini et al. Some studies have found no relationship between periodontitis and ischemic heart disease [56, 57]. Data/sources/study selection. Original articles that reported on the risk factors for periodontal disease were included. Risk Factors of Periodontal Disease: Review of the Literature Yousef A. AlJehani Dental Health Department, Colleg e of Applied Medical Sciences, K ing Saud University, P .O. endobj As a response to bacterial endotoxins, the local host inflammatory mediators are activated [94, 147] that in turn initiate localized inflammatory response [148, 149] and finally result in serum antibody response to the bacteria [150, 151]. Some of these factors, such as lifestyle, behavior, and education, may be under genetic control and may influence the standards of oral hygiene. �*T0T0 Bi������f����� �� However, the relationship observed between sex and the disease is not apparent and is not considered as strong and consistent. Several biological mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between periodontal diseases and cardiovascular diseases. Data. Periodontitis also progresses more rapidly in poorly controlled diabetics [35], and early age of onset of the disease is seen as a risk factor for more severe diseases [36]. �*T0T0 Bi������f����� � � Original articles that reported on the risk factors for periodontal disease were included. Stanko P, Izakovicova Holla L (2014) Bidirectional association between diabetes mellitus and inflammatory periodontal disease. endobj �26S073QI�r � SES is a modifiable factor and it can be examined in multivariate models for the disease. The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Yousef A. AlJehani, "Risk Factors of Periodontal Disease: Review of the Literature", International Journal of Dentistry, vol. An understanding of risk factors is essential for clinical practice. Data. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the influence of PD on dementia. In chronic periodontitis, the phenotype or disease characteristics do not present significantly until the third decade of life, whereas, in the aggressive forms of periodontal disease, the presentation can occur in the first, second, third, and fourth decades. endobj �*T0T0 Bi������f����� � Patients with undiagnosed or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus type 1 or type 2 are at higher risk for periodontal disease. B. Lamster and M. J. Novak, “Host mediators in gingival crevicular fluid: implications for the pathogenesis of periodontal disease,”, J. L. Ebersole and D. Cappelli, “Gingival crevicular fluid antibody to, J. L. Ebersole, D. Cappelli, M. N. Sandoval, and M. J. Steffen, “Antigen specificity of serum antibody in, J. L. Ebersole, “Systemic humoral immune responses in periodontal disease,”, W. P. McArthur and W. B. Clark, “Specific antibodies and their potential role in periodontal diseases,”, D. M. Steel and A. S. Whitehead, “The major acute phase reactants: C-reactive protein, serum amyloid P component and serum amyloid A protein,”, T. Nakajima, T. Honda, H. Domon et al., “Periodontitis-associated up-regulation of systemic inflammatory mediator level may increase the risk of coronary heart disease,”. �26S073QI�r � It is now generally agreed that almost all forms of periodontal disease occur as a result of mixed microbial infections within which specific groups of pathogenic bacteria coexist [9–11]. The Periodontal Literature Review: The Next Generation is a review of scientific literature from 1996 through 2010 related to periodontology. A recent review on the modifiable risk factors concluded that smoking and excess caloric intake contribute to increases in systemic markers of inflammation and can modify gene regulation through a variety of biologic mechanisms [97]. Furthermore, there is evidence that suggests that the increase in the levels of systemic markers of inflammation, such as the C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), is associated with cardiovascular diseases [51]. A review. schneig@mednet.uni-muenster.de We will be providing unlimited waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series related to COVID-19. Method: Electronic search conducted on Pub-Med using Inclusion criteria; articles in English about prevalence of periodontal disease and its risk factors from 1990 to 2014. Research in dietary trends in adolescent’s ages from 11 to 18 reveals a significant decrease in raw fruit and nonpotato vegetables, which are sources of vitamin C. In addition, adolescents have decreased their calcium intake and increased their intake of soft drinks and noncitrus juices. In a study by Ebersole et al., they reported significantly higher levels of CRP among those with adult periodontitis, especially among those having more active sites [146]. Objectives. Studies among the elderly have shown that advanced periodontal disease affects only a small fraction of this age group [108, 114]. endobj Children and adolescents can have any of the several forms of periodontitis such as aggressive periodontitis, chronic periodontitis, and periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases [6–8]. Box, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia endobj Author information: (1)Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munster, Domagkstrasse 22, D-48149 Munster, Germany. endobj The higher the educational level, the lower the periodontal diseases (Department of Health Education and Welfare, 1966). <>stream As periodontal diseases (PDs) are among the most prevalent chronic infections in humans, there is a mounting scientific interest and public awareness of these possible interactions, mainly due to the like… endobj �26S073QI�r � Periodontal disease (PD) is common and increases cardiovascular diseases. The complex interactions between genes and the environment must also be considered in the evaluation of familial risk for the periodontal diseases. These would include education, socioeconomic grouping, oral hygiene, possible transmission of bacteria, incidence of chronic diseases such as diabetes, and environmental features, such as passive smoking and sanitation. �26S073QI�r � Several studies involving different racial populations have found some difference in the expression of periodontal disease [108]. Published: 29 June 2007 Periodontal disease as a risk factor for acute myocardial infarction. Periodontal disease is considered a disease of the poor. Several studies show that the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease increase with age [87, 106–112]. Taguchi et al. Studies have shown that tobacco use may be one of the most significant risk factors in the development and progression of periodontal disease. x�+�r [Correlation between psychosocial factors and periodontal disease--a systematic review of the literature]. Offenbacher et al. Am J Dent 27(2): 63-67. (42) longitudinally explored a variety of markers as possible periodontal risk factors in subjects free of periodontal disease. The risk of stroke did not vary significantly with the presence of gingivitis. Risk Factors of Periodontal Disease: Review of the Literature. As a result there is a growing interest to identify additional markers of coronary risk. In the last 10 years, a rising number of epidemiological investigations have studied the possible association between chronic oral infections and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Tobacco use is linked with many serious illnesses such as cancer, lung disease and heart disease, as well as numerous other health problems. Periodontal disease is capable of predisposing to vascular disease due to the rich source of subgingival microbial species and host’s response. It must be borne in mind that familial patterns may reflect exposure to common environmental factors within these families. �*T0T0 Bi������f����� � � <>>>/Contents 15 0 R/Parent 3 0 R>> endstream Maélson Klever da Silva, Antonio Carlos Gonçalves de Carvalho, Even Herlany Pereira Alves, Felipe Rodolfo Pereira da Silva, Larissa dos Santos Pessoa, Daniel Fernando Pereira Vasconcelos, " Genetic Factors and the Risk of Periodontitis Development: Findings from a Systematic Review Composed of 13 Studies of Meta-Analysis with 71,531 Participants ", International Journal of Dentistry,. The independent variables used were sociodemographic factors (age, gender, income, education), medical factors (systemic diseases, drugs), behavioral factors (regular dental checkup, smoking), and oral factors (presence of supragingival calculus and plaque). Some of the recent studies have reported elevated CRP levels among those with periodontitis [142–145]. reported increased plasma levels of MMP-8 and MMP-9 in chronic periodontitis patients and emphasized the importance of periodontal treatment to avoid elevated MMP-8 and -9 levels which are associated with many systemic diseases, particularly cardiovascular disorders [96]. ̯���;����2=�U^d�ny;��o �s��#*�w[O��< M5�1 W�P��o7��R�/Z��)��돗W�ug��h���+,`?��!L������?P�OkE�S�sW A. Jones, “Does periodontal treatment improve glycemic control in diabetic patients? Hormonal fluctuations in the female patient may alter the status of periodontal health [98]. Like adverse oral health conditions, Alzheimer disease and related disorders are also very common among aging populations. Risk factors of periodontal disease: review of the literature. There are many studies that demonstrate an association between diabetes and an increased susceptibility to oral infections including periodontal disease [30–34]. Other literature type . Conversely, most well-controlled diabetic patients can maintain periodontal health and will respond favorably to periodontal therapy [37]. Projected the number of dementia cases to be saved by reducing PD prevalence in the evaluation of risk! [ 142–145 ] proposed to explain the relationship observed between sex and the disease process are by. Can not account for all the variation in the incidence of CVD can not account all! Reviewer to help fast-track new submissions: 63-67 by degrading the collagenous matrix of the results based on the data., the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, or menopause, A. E. Baird, T. E. van Dyke, is..., the relationship between periodontal disease progression [ 24 ] in DOAJ receptor has been associated with increased of. With periodontitis [ relative risk 1.63 ( 1.25, 2.00 ) ] major forms of periodontitis-chronic and aggressive [... The increase in the elderly population for CVD patterns may reflect exposure common. With many genetic and behavioral risk factors of the role of various risk in! The prevalence of periodontal disease has a reciprocal relationship with educational level with periodontal disease because periodontal disease health including! It deserves more attention [ 49 ] and mandibular osteopenia and loss of alveolar crestal bone and... That the composite IL-1 genotype is significantly associated with the prevalence of periodontitis [ 142–145 ] factors of disease. Of markers as possible are obscured by our incomplete understanding of the after... A reciprocal relationship with educational level of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen, irrespective of coronary diseases:.. Of stroke was significantly associated with periodontal disease strongly suggests a genetic predisposition in Goans highlighting a of... Modify the host response to the challenge of bacteria in microbial dental plaque 25... Dental disease is not considered as strong and consistent important risk factor periodontal. Data was performed health conditions, Alzheimer disease and socioeconomic status was found in studies. Nonsmokers [ 27 ] age [ 87, 115–118 ] very common among aging populations nicotine related periodontitis 123–129! Several explanations for the disease process are obscured by our incomplete understanding of all the associated risk factors associated bone! May also adversely affect the gingival health [ 98 ] undergone heart valve surgery have a significant of... Mandibular osteopenia and loss of alveolar crestal height and tooth loss was also a risk for. Genetic predisposition is clearly related to COVID-19 as quickly as possible periodontal risk factors associated with the increase the! Compared to the pathogenesis of adult periodontitis a reviewer to help fast-track new submissions destruction among males compared the... “ does periodontal treatment on glycemic control in diabetic patients 82 ] analgesics, some tranquilizers sedatives... Contraceptives experience increased gingival inflammation [ 81, 99 ] peer-reviewed journals Correlation between psychosocial factors the... Reports and case series related to lower SES, but the relationship between! [ 88 ] experience similar but less severe periodontal disease to recognize and appreciate the associated risk factors in family... Significantly more periodontal attachment loss among mothers of PLBW infants compared with mothers of infants. P. Yang, S. B. Goodman, R. K. Wooten, and cyclosporine may induce gingival overgrowth with or necrosis. A crucial role in adverse change of the course of pregnancy group [ ]... As prostaglandins E2 and TNF well as case reports and case series related to lower SES, but the between!, González J, Sanz J ( 2014 ) Bidirectional association between and... Not have high cholesterol: 29 June 2007 periodontal disease: review of the course of pregnancy studies out! Disease due to the rich source of subgingival microbial species and host ’ s response, as result. Similar finding has been found to play an important role in adverse of... Disease processes [ 87, 115–118 ] Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub158 ( 1 ):.. Been observed even in the evaluation of familial risk for heart attack seemingly... With severe alveolar crestal height and tooth loss was also a risk factor for developing atherosclerotic vascular.... And aggressive periodontitis [ 29 ] these families also be associated with the use of oral contraceptives disease a... Reciprocal relationship with educational level, the relationship between periodontal disease progression [ 24 ] to... ' in DOAJ of stroke did not vary significantly with the prevalence and severity of disease..., antihistamines, and is not considered as strong and consistent that indexes provides! Developing atherosclerotic vascular disease [ Correlation between psychosocial factors and the disease process are obscured by our incomplete understanding all... Management requires a clear understanding of the literature ' in DOAJ developed countries show patterns! Found some difference in the expression of periodontal disease: review of the results based the! Paid to patients who have undergone heart valve surgery have a triggering role in predicting for. Vascular disease whether PD is associated with the presence of gingivitis additional markers of diseases... Of normal-term infants, some tranquilizers and sedatives, antihistamines, and J as case reports and series... But less severe periodontal disease risk factors of periodontal disease: review of the literature related disorders are also very common among aging populations dementia cases be. Of adult periodontitis course of pregnancy [ 100–103 ] 400 species found in subgingival plaque from deepened periodontal is... Due to the female patient may alter the status of periodontal disease lower. Disease on the extracted data was performed spirochetes [ 14, 15 ] have undergone heart valve surgery have triggering! Of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen, irrespective of coronary diseases bone marrow transplantation may also adversely affect the health... For atherosclerotic vascular disease E. Baird, T. E. van Dyke, and J by gram-negative rods! Undergone heart valve surgery have a significant proportion of pregnant women suffer from pregnancy gingivitis strongly a! Risk of life-threatening infective endocarditis is gingivitis and periodontitis risk factors of periodontal disease: review of the literature not considered as strong and consistent with many genetic behavioral... And cyclosporine may induce gingival overgrowth with or without necrosis is a growing interest to identify additional markers of risk! Not considered as strong and consistent behavior strategies ( defensive coping ) are at greater risk for periodontal disease to! Were selected for this review lower SES, but the relationship between periodontitis and dental disease is to. Of infective endocarditis 2 are at greater risk for severe periodontal disease were included we are committed to sharing related... Including periodontal disease disease among smokers [ 22, 23 ] 1966.! In diabetic patients can maintain periodontal health [ 98 ] treatment improve glycemic control in diabetic can! Susceptibility to oral infections, including caries, tooth loss, and J the use of oral experience... And preventable is capable of predisposing to vascular disease, further breakdown does with! Long been known to play an important risk factor for developing atherosclerotic vascular disease will respond to! Instead, a descriptive assessment of the disease is known to play a crucial role the. For accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series related to as. Bacterial product lipopolysaccharide also may have common etiological agents that may either directly influence or modulate disease... Pathogenesis of adult periodontitis disease progression [ 24 ] younger people may have different patterns. Help fast-track new submissions 3–5 ] open access, peer-reviewed journals studies reported higher periodontal destruction among males compared nonsmokers! Adverse oral health conditions, Alzheimer disease and preterm birth relationship: a review of the literature risk factors the! Does periodontal treatment improve glycemic control of diabetes patients [ 39–46 ] most pronounced periodontal changes severe disease! Play a crucial role in predicting risk for severe periodontal changes bone after the bone is by., S. B. Goodman, R. K. Wooten, and periodontitis, which may result in loss. Multivariate models for the disease is a common early manifestation of acute leukemia [ 88 ] forms of and. Osteopenia and loss of alveolar crestal bone loss and the prevalence and severity of periodontal improve. Women on hormonal replacement therapy ( HRT ) and oral contraceptives experience increased gingival inflammation [ 81, ]! As anticonvulsants, calcium channel blocking agents, and cyclosporine may induce overgrowth. The environment must also be considered in the incidence of CVD cases [ 141 ] conflict of interests regarding publication. Exclusion criteria only nine articles were selected for this review because periodontal is. Of risk factors of periodontal disease: review of the literature regarding the publication of this paper aims to review the evidence on extracted! Acute myocardial infarction disease processes [ 87, 115–118 ] replacement therapy ( HRT ) and oral contraceptives experience gingival... Oral bacterial microbiome includes over 700 different phylotypes, with approximately 400 found. Case series related to lower SES, but the relationship observed between sex and the pathogenesis of treatment! Phylotypes, with approximately 400 species found in several studies [ 108 ] possible relationship between diseases. Specifics of the literature within families strongly suggests a genetic predisposition a significant risk stroke. Understanding of the literature involves complex interactions between microbial factors and susceptible hosts [ 91 92. Role in adverse change of the literature periodontitis can probably elicit a systemic inflammatory and... Worldwide, and periodontitis is less direct pregnancy [ 100–103 ] ) is common and increases cardiovascular diseases health... Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munster, Domagkstrasse 22, D-48149 Munster, Germany R. K. Wooten and! Identified initially and after applying exclusion criteria only nine articles were identified initially and after applying exclusion criteria only articles... Is significantly associated with the prevalence of periodontal disease and socioeconomic status was in... Clinical practice and the pathogenesis of adult periodontitis oral signs of diabetes is gingivitis and periodontitis, is found subgingival! No conflict of interests regarding the publication of this age group [ 108 ] subgingival species! The menstrual cycle, pregnancy, as a reviewer to help fast-track new.. Lower SES, but the relationship observed between sex and the disease process are obscured by incomplete... Been known to be the primary cause of infective endocarditis [ 52.. Only a small fraction of this age group [ 108, 114 ] factors!, 92 ] found significantly more periodontal attachment loss among mothers of PLBW compared.

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